Palazzo d'Accursio, a majestic symbol of Bologna's rich history, stands proudly on Piazza Maggiore, the heart of the city. This architectural marvel, with its intricate blend of medieval and Renaissance styles, has been the seat of Bologna's municipal government since the Middle Ages. Its storied past and striking facade make it an essential stop for any visitor eager to delve into the city's vibrant history.
The origins of Palazzo d'Accursio date back to February 14, 1287, when Francesco d'Accursio sold his father's home to the city of Bologna. This transaction marked the beginning of the building's transformation into a civic landmark. Over time, the city acquired surrounding properties, demolishing existing structures but preserving the iconic Torre di Accursio. The initial construction phase saw the building being used as a public granary, aptly named Palazzo della Biada.
In 1336, Palazzo d'Accursio transitioned from a granary to the seat of the Anziani Consoli, the highest city magistrates of the time. These officials, initially serving one-month terms, were required to reside within the palace. The palace underwent significant modifications during the Visconti rule in 1350, including the addition of fortifications and the acquisition of the Torre dei Lapi. Under the Papal States, it further evolved into a fortified civic stronghold, complete with a surrounding wall and moat.
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Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, Palazzo d'Accursio continued to expand and transform. In 1444, the Torre di Accursio was elevated, and in 1451, a public clock was installed. This clock, with its automaton carousel, delighted onlookers until 1796. The addition of a grand bell in 1493, which strikes every hour, further enhanced the palace's prominence.
The 16th century brought more changes under Papal rule. Pope Julius II ordered the construction of a tower at the intersection of Via Ugo Bassi and Piazza del Nettuno in 1508. The palace became a hub for governmental affairs, housing the Senate of Bologna and various magistrates. The northern corner tower served as a prison and criminal tribunal, earning the nickname Tribunale del Torrone.
Palazzo d'Accursio is not just a seat of power; it is also a treasure trove of art and culture. The 16th century saw the creation of the Legate's Chapel, adorned with frescoes by Prospero Fontana, and the monumental entrance portal designed by Galeazzo Alessi. This portal, crowned by a bronze statue of Pope Gregory XIII, remains a striking feature of the palace.
The Sala Borsa, once a botanical garden, now houses a public library, further enriching the cultural tapestry of the palace. The palace's interior is home to the Collezioni Comunali d'Arte, showcasing significant historical and artistic works.
Palazzo d'Accursio's history is not without its darker moments. On November 21, 1920, it was the site of a tragic event when political violence erupted during the inaugural session of a new city council. This incident marked a significant moment in Italy's political history, highlighting the tensions of the era.
Despite such events, the palace remains a symbol of Bologna's resilience and cultural heritage. In recent years, many municipal offices have moved to Palazzo Bonaccorso, but Palazzo d'Accursio continues to serve as the seat of the City Council and other official functions.
Visitors enter through the grand portal by Galeazzo Alessi, ascending the Bramante-style staircase to the first floor. Here, the Sala d'Ercole, adorned with a terracotta statue of Hercules by Alfonso Lombardi, awaits exploration. The Sala del Consiglio Comunale, with frescoes by Angelo Michele Colonna, offers a glimpse into the city's governance.
The second floor houses the Sala Farnese, a testament to Bologna's historical narrative, and the Cappella Farnese, where Charles V was crowned King of Italy in 1530. The Sala Urbana, with its richly decorated walls, completes the tour, offering insights into the artistic endeavors of the past.
In conclusion, Palazzo d'Accursio is more than a historic building; it is a living testament to Bologna's dynamic history and cultural vitality. Its walls echo with stories of governance, art, and resilience, making it an unmissable attraction for those seeking to understand the soul of this remarkable city.
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