Piazza Castello, the beating heart of Turin, is a magnificent square that captures the essence of this historic Italian city. Nestled in the center of Turin, it is the focal point where several major streets converge: the pedestrian Via Garibaldi, Via Po, Via Roma, and Via Pietro Micca. This grand square is a testament to Turin's rich history and architectural splendor, offering visitors a glimpse into the city's vibrant past and present.
The square itself is a marvel of urban design, with its squared shape and elegant porticoes that frame the perimeter. At the center of Piazza Castello stands the imposing Palazzo Madama and the Casaforte degli Acaja. This architectural complex is a blend of medieval and baroque elements, symbolizing the historical layers that Turin has accumulated over centuries.
Surrounding the square are several important buildings that add to its grandeur. To the north, you'll find the Palazzo della Prefettura-Armeria Reale, a stunning example of regal architecture. To the east lies the Teatro Regio, a renowned opera house that has hosted countless performances. The western side of the square is flanked by two noble palaces, one of which houses the regional government of Piedmont. The northwest corner is graced by the Real Chiesa di San Lorenzo, a church with a fascinating history and an unfinished façade that seamlessly blends into the square's symmetry. The Galleria Subalpina, an elegant shopping arcade, and the Torre Littoria, a modernist tower, complete the impressive lineup of buildings.
Piazza Castello's history dates back to the 1st century AD, when it served as the eastern entrance to the ancient Roman castrum of Julia Augusta Taurinorum. This entrance, known as the Porta Praetoria or Decumana, led to the decumanus maximus, now known as Via Garibaldi. The remnants of this Roman gate still lie beneath Palazzo Madama, a tangible link to Turin's ancient past.
During the medieval period, the Roman gate was renamed Fibellona and fortified to withstand invasions. The area underwent significant changes when Guglielmo VII, Marquis of Monferrato, demolished the old Roman structure in 1276 to build a fortified residence. This Casaforte was further strengthened and transformed into a castle in the 14th century under Ludovico of Savoy-Acaia, giving the square its name. By the mid-16th century, the square had evolved into three distinct sectors, reflecting the city's growth and development.
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The consolidation of the Savoy state and the relocation of the capital to Turin in 1563 marked a new era for Piazza Castello. The square became a stage for grand events, such as the arrival of the Shroud of Turin in 1578, celebrated with a solemn mass by Carlo Borromeo. The oldest porticoes of the square, known as the Portici di Fiera, were popular venues for various festivities, including Carnival and the patronal feast of San Giovanni Battista.
In 1583, architect Ascanio Vittozzi was commissioned to redesign the square, resulting in the expansive 40,000 square meters we see today. Vittozzi's design included the construction of the western porticoes and the integration of pre-existing structures, such as the Church of San Lorenzo and the Palazzo Chiablese. The medieval castle at the center was modernized and connected to the Bishop's Palace, creating a unified architectural ensemble.
Following Vittozzi's death in 1615, Carlo di Castellamonte took over the development of Piazza Castello. He added the southern porticoes and initiated the construction of the Palazzo Novo Grande, later known as the Palazzo Reale. Despite interruptions caused by a plague epidemic and political strife, the palace was eventually completed under the direction of Madama Cristina of France in the mid-17th century.
The arrival of court architect Filippo Juvarra in 1716 brought further enhancements to the square. Juvarra designed the elegant western façade of Palazzo Madama and the northern building that housed the Regia Segreteria, the State Archives, and the Royal Armory. His work was continued by Benedetto Alfieri, who completed the Teatro Regio and elevated the northern buildings, creating a cohesive and majestic urban space.
Today, Piazza Castello remains a vibrant and bustling hub of activity. The square is a popular gathering place for locals and tourists alike, offering a blend of historical landmarks, cultural institutions, and modern amenities. Visitors can explore the rich history of Palazzo Madama, admire the baroque elegance of the Royal Palace, or enjoy a performance at the Teatro Regio. The square's porticoes provide a shaded promenade for leisurely strolls, while the numerous cafes and shops offer a taste of Turin's culinary and retail delights.
Whether you're a history enthusiast, an architecture aficionado, or simply a curious traveler, Piazza Castello is a must-visit destination in Turin. Its blend of historical significance, architectural beauty, and vibrant atmosphere make it a true gem in the heart of this charming Italian city.
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