Schloss Winsen

Schloss Winsen, nestled in the picturesque town of Winsen (Luhe) in Lower Saxony, Germany, stands as a testament to centuries of history and architectural evolution. This castle, a magnificent blend of medieval fortification and Renaissance elegance, is the most significant secular building in the town and continues to intrigue visitors with its storied past and charming presence.

The History of Schloss Winsen

The origins of Schloss Winsen trace back to a castle built near a crossing of the Luhe River, first mentioned in documents in 1315. However, evidence suggests that the castle likely existed as early as 1277. An oak pile found in 2008, dated to around 1190, indicates that the castle's construction coincided with the town's founding and the expansion of the harbor, which gained importance after the destruction of Bardowick in 1189.

During the Lüneburg War of Succession in 1371, Duke Magnus II was compelled to relocate the Großvogtei Lüneburg to Winsen. The castle then served as the Großvogtei Winsen, managing the Welf possessions in the northern part of the Principality of Lüneburg, a subdivision of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg. Throughout the 14th and 15th centuries, the castle and its lands were frequently pawned by the dukes, changing hands multiple times among the cities of Lüneburg, Hamburg, and Lübeck, and even the Electors of Saxony.

From 1593 to 1617, Duchess Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the widow of William the Younger, made the castle her retirement residence. During her tenure, she oversaw the administration of the Winsen office and the castle became the site of numerous witch trials. Historical records indicate that around 40 individuals were condemned to death by fire during these trials. Duchess Dorothea also commissioned the renovation of the castle chapel, adding a clock and two bells to the tower. While the larger bell still exists, the smaller one was surrendered during World War I.

In 1627, during the Thirty Years' War, the military leader Tilly recuperated at the castle for several weeks. After the war, the castle primarily served as the residence of the Amtmänner of the Winsen office. In 1852, the district court moved into the castle, followed by the district administration in 1885. The district administration relocated to Harburg in 1932, but returned to the castle in 1944 due to the destruction of the district office during the war. The administration remained there until 1961. Today, the castle is solely occupied by the district court of Winsen.

Architectural Marvels

Despite the removal of its fortifications, Schloss Winsen retains a formidable character. The existing structures predominantly reflect Renaissance architecture. The brick building with timber-framed elements stands within a pond created by damming the Luhe River. It comprises an irregular, three-winged complex with an open courtyard. Originally, a fourth wing enclosed the courtyard, but it was likely demolished after a fire in the 18th century.

The castle's façade is accentuated by the tower and ornate gate, while the other exterior walls are relatively plain. The tower features a lantern housing a bell and is topped with a weather vane dated 1836. The long history of construction at the castle is evident in numerous architectural details, including a Gothic star vault in the basement dating back to around 1500. During the Renaissance, the castle was updated with a gallery in the courtyard and various embellishments. The castle's use as an administrative seat meant it had fewer grand reception rooms and more offices, except during Duchess Dorothea's residence, which saw the castle's chapel richly adorned.

Extensive renovations took place from 1994 to 2016, including the restoration of the lantern and tower tip in 2022.

The Bell and Its Inscriptions

The castle's bell, weighing approximately 450 kilograms, hangs in the tower's lantern. It is secured to a wooden yoke with iron bands and features the year 1596 and a bronze relief of Duchess Dorothea's coat of arms. The bell's inscription reads: By the Grace of God, Dorothea, born of royal lineage in Denmark, Duchess of Brunswick and Lüneburg, Winsen Anno 1596. Another inscription around the bell's rim translates to: Watch and pray at all times, for no one knows when the Lord will come.

Current Use and Visitor Information

Today, Schloss Winsen is owned by the state of Lower Saxony. A small museum was established in the castle tower in 2008. Due to its use as a courthouse, the castle's interior is generally not open to the public, except on special occasions like the Day of the Monument. The castle chapel hosts various cultural events, including concerts, and can be rented for weddings by the Winsen registry office.

The Castle Grounds

The castle park and courtyard are open to visitors. The former fortifications have been transformed into a landscaped park and utility gardens. Until 1918, the park was reserved for the Amtmann and the district administrator. A moat once surrounded the grounds, and a linden avenue, planted in 1717, led from the town to the castle. Today, three of these linden trees still stand. In 2006, the park was incorporated into the Winsen State Garden Show as Dorothea's Garden. The park borders the fortified castle square, used for markets and events. Nearby landmarks include the town hall, St. Mary's Church, and the historic Marstall building, which now houses the city library, tourist information, and a museum.

Schloss Winsen is not just a historical monument but a living piece of history that continues to play an active role in the community. Its rich past and architectural beauty make it a must-visit destination for anyone exploring the charming town of Winsen.